ABSTRACT Occurrence of variation of the Inca bones was observed in majority of human populations around the world. India has more Inca bones than do neighboring countries. Various geographical and ethnological patterns of frequency variation of the Inca bones were already found. Present study was done on 148 human skulls for the presence or absence of the Inca bones. We classified these bones as class I to class V. They were analyzed for gross incidence and number of fragments of bone. Gross incidence of the Inca bones was found to be 4.054%. The present study besides reporting the variation in the Inca bones also highlights possible genetic and evolutionary mechanism behind its presentation. These are important findings and the knowledge of the Inca bones is of importance to the neuroanatomists, neurosurgeons, radiologists, anthropologist and morphologists
ABSTRACT: Background: In recent times ,medical fraternity is much attracted towards yoga. It is claimed that yoga practices improve general health and fitness. Aim: To find effect of short term Yoga practice on cardio-respiratory fitness. Objective: To measure cardio-respiratory fitness parameters before and after Yoga practice. Material: The present study was conducted on 60subjects, who came voluntarily as subjects for the project. Setting and Design: It was a cohort study. I M.B.B.S.students ,60 in number(40 boys and 20 girls).Their age ranged between 18 to 20 years. Method: Pulse rate and respiratory rate measured in supine position.B.P. measured using mercury sphygmomanometer. 40 mm Hg endurance test was conducted by using mercury sphygmomanometer. Results: Resting pulse rate, Respiratory rate and blood pressure was found to be decreased and 40mm endurance time was found to be increased in both male and female subjects. Conclusion: From this study we conclude that yoga practice can be advocated to improve cardio-respiratory efficiency for patients as well as healthy individuals.
Abstract: Brachial plexus is a complex network of nerves, formed by ventral rami of lower four cervical and first thoracic nerves which supply the upper limb. Though its variations are common, terminal trifurcation of C5 is rare. During routine dissection in anatomy department, in an old male cadaver, multiple variations of brachial plexus were observed on the left side. It was unique with the absence of superior trunk and lateral cord. The C5 root trifurcated terminally into suprascapular nerve, a root for musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) and posterior division for posterior cord. Musculocutaneous nerve was formed by two separate roots from C5 and C6. Axillary artery was intimately passing between two roots of MCN. Phrenic nerve carried fibres of the nerve to subclavius from C5. Knowledge of these variations is important not only for anatomists but also to neurosurgeons, physicians and anaesthetists for diagnosis, planning the surgeries and avoiding the complications. Key words – Brachial plexus, superior (upper) trunk, suprascapular nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, nerve impingement
Abstract:Context: The currently available drugs for the management of pain, fever and inflammatory conditions presents with many known adverse effects, hence the search for new drugs without adverse effects is required.Objective: To evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (AETC) in rodents.Materials and methods: The leaves of Tinospora cordifolia were identified and authenticated by Botanist. The air dried course powdered leaves were extracted with distilled water and used to evaluate analgesic action by Eddy’s hot plate method in mice and anti-inflammatory action by carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. It was tested in five groups of rodents (n=6) for each activity, using 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg of the test drug, 100mg/kg of test drug with 5mg/kg of diclofenac. Diclofenac 5mg/kg and distilled water were used as standard and control, respectively, for both analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.Results: Tinospora cordifolia showed significant increase in the reaction time (pain threshold) in doses of 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 100mg/kg with 5mg/kg of diclofenac after 30, 60 and 90 minutes of administration. In the same above doses, Tinospora cordifolia showed 32.63%, 36.63% and 40.5% inhibition of paw edema respectively at the end of three hours. With diclofenac the percentage of inhibition was 35.64.Conclusion: The present study has shown that AETC has significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The results indicate that identification of active principle from the leaves may add a new, potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug to treat acute conditions.